STONE MASONRY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Introduction: To make bound of stone to use any suitable mortar and have to get constructed structure is called stone masonry. Stone masonry is used to construction for building of pillars, walls, and foundations. Generally, there are some types of stones are used in the stone masonry. Some are under following here.

1. Slate                                              2.Granite

3. Marble                                           4. Sand stone

5. Lime stone                                    6. Laterite

TOOLS USED IN STONE MASONRY

There are some that mostly use during in the stonemasonry work.

1. Trowel                      2.Square

2. Bevel                        3. Spirit Level

4. plumb bob                5. Steel Tape

6. Mallet                       7. Iron Hammer

8. Chisel                       8. Jumpe

TYPES OF STONE MASONRY’

There are two big types of stone masonry.

1. Rubble Masonry

2. Ashlar Masonry

1. Rubble Stone Masonry: In this type of stone masonry is made without to dressing stones. There are types of rubble stone masonry is give under here.

1. Random Rubble Masonry.             2. Coursed Rubble Masonry

3. Square Rubble Masonry                4. Dry Rubble Masonry

2. Ashlar Stone Masonry: In this type of stone masonry is made after its stones dressing. There are some types of ashlar stone masonry.

1. Fine Ashlar Masonry                     2. Rough Faced Ashlar Masonry

3. Chamfered Ashlar Masonry           4. Ashlar Facing

Road structure

Road Structure
 

Introduction: When we cut the road from vertically side then we can see the different parts of road. This action is called as cross section. We can define easily the different parts of road by cross section. Road structure means the different parts of road which they are made on process just like sub-grate is the first part and step of road that is the natural earth level. Second part of road is sub-base. It is not important part of road. If the sub-grate will be weak then we make sub-base for the strength of road. Third part of road is base that is important part of road and last part of road is surfacing. This is the top part of road. There are some parts of road and its explanation of parts are under here.

1. Sub-grade
2. Sub-base
3. Base
4. Surfacing

1. Sub-grade: Sub-grade is the natural earthen level which on road is made. Generally its surface   is kept 2 feet high from earthen level. So that the water of rain cannot stand on road surface. If the road need to make on cutting part so sub-grade will be made under earth surface. Mostly strength of road depends on sub-grade’s durability.

2. Sub-Base: This part of road is not important but when sub-grade is weak then we make base for the strength of road by lay stone aggregates or use other suitable materials for providing a new layer that is called sub- base.

3. Base: This is the important part of road that bears the load of traffic. All traffics load is converted on this part of road and this part weight mold the on base or on sub-grade. Mostly the strength of road depends on this part of durability. Generally this part of road has been contained on strong aggregate.

4. Surfacing: This is the top part of road which that makes equal level of road surface. Similarly the water of road should not be observed on the surface.  This part of road protects the other parts of road. For example, base, sub-base and sub-grade.

Types of road

Village road
 

Introduction: Road is the such type of way which on different  types of vehicles can go one place to another place leagly.This type of way is called as road. The width of road and other designs of road depends on the traffic that are using the road. Similarly we think about importance of the road before its structure making and then we choise its material according to specification. As you know that, often we need to design different types of road according to our using objectives.There are many types of roads motioned under here.
1.Village road
2. District road
3. State high way
4. National high way
5. Express high way and Motor way


1. Village Road: This type of road designed on village and it is made by aggregate and clay.First of all its first step make to lay aggregates and compected it then lay the clay on road and mixed for the best bond of clay. This type of roads width is been 3.8 mater and(12 feet).



District road
 

2. District roads: These types of roads have linked with the different cities of district. During it’s preparing aggregates and bitumen’s are used. Its width size has contained 3.8 mater (12 feet)



 

3. State high way: This type of roads has linked with different cities to one another and it is also linked with national high way. Generally this type of roads has contained its width nearly 7.50 mater (24 feet).

4. National high way: This type of country roads which they have linked with capital of country to capital of province and join with other cities of country. Similarly this road also touches with our neighbors countries.

5. Express high way and motor way: Express high way and motor way are modern roads. This type of roads is made for most fast traffic. This road has linked with province to province, district to district and city to city. Similarly this road also touches with our neighbors countries.