AFFECTING THE FACTORS ON CONCRETE'S PROPERTIES

Introduction: The fresh concrete is week but the concrete placing after some days It will be strong able  to take load and slowly its strength will be high. During the preparation of concrete we should have to properly take care of the selection ratio and need to look after the placing concrete still to two weeks. That's why, This is the time where some reactions have been affected on concrete's strength and on its property. Some factors they affected on  concrete are given here.
 
1. Quality of  ingredients.
2. Ratio of concrete.
3. Mixing technique.
4. Transportation.
5. Placing.
6. Curing.
7. Environment.



Concrete
 

1.Quality of ingredients: During the preparation of concrete their are used different components. They are affected on concrete's quality. We use the cement in concrete that is affected on concrete's properties and on other qualities of concrete. If we use quick setting time of cement in concrete so concrete will get good strength in minimum time and If we use expanding cement in concrete so concrete without freezing it will be expend. The using of other components are also affected on concrete's strength like that aggregates and water quality. If the course aggregate prepared by hard stone.That type of aggregate is better for the quality of concrete. If the unnecessary and harmful minerals or other impurities are include in water so, concrete quality can not be good for the concrete. We want to get proper properties from concrete then the preparation of concrete we should also include compulsory components and admixtures to get good strength of concrete.

2. Ratio of concrete: We prepare concrete according to ratio of different components. They are affected on concrete's strength and on its property. If we use more cement in concrete. So  as well the strength of concrete will be high. Rich concrete has unobserved soft surface.  The size of aggregates also affected on concrete's properties. The size of aggregate should use some big but in possible limit. The voids of components ratio should be minimum in fresh concrete. So concrete's strength will be increase and also be increase porosity of concrete.

3. Mixing method of concrete: If the technique of mixing concrete will be better as result concrete can get good strength. The concrete's mixing method should be good so that after the concrete ratio mixing, the concrete should appear equal all the parts of  concrete ratio.

4. Transportation and placing: If we have to transfer the fresh concrete one place to another place in minimum time.  That time, we should care and use proper technique. During the placing of concrete its components should not be separate to one another and should not mix other to create bad affected components for example clay and  organic things.

5. Curing: To do curing of concrete as result the concrete's strength will be high day by day. That's why, the need of water quantity for the setting concrete. During  preparation of concrete the fresh concrete has loosed its water quantity and need more water in setting time. So, we do curing of concrete to get good strength and impervious.

HOUSE DESIGNS



House

Introduction: House is our basic need to pass good safe ,comfortable   and protected life. So we think house is important for the best life. House should have some  properties. The house should be complete air full and open. the house should be  near the school, hospital, road, shops, office, bank, parks and their is also available electricity net facility and TV facility. Before  we think about our house to design that we need money and plot for the starting design, estimating, drafting of house map and need to collect  different materials. First we have ideas and information's in mind according to our desires, then we have to collect the money, everybody know that without money we can't do any thing. Before the design of  our house we come to know so many information like that some questions raise. How many members will be live in this house. So according to this condition. We need a proper place and plot size then we will design different  portions according to our need of family members. The house has different necessary portions and  their name are bed room, dining room, kitchen, toilet, dressing room, bath

House

room porch and with store. The set of home will be  design to see the plot and family members and then try to adjust a home on plot supervision of map this is called also alignments. After that, we give layout for the construction create easy during to do work and materials bring one place to another place.  This was the simple description about our home design. But we have to pass a long process of engineering system to design a house. As you know, First of all surveyors survey the plot of our home then we draw a rough sketch of plot according to our survey and the design of our house to see the survey sketch of plot we include also our desires by the best
designer of house .After that, we have to need some staff to built our house according to be on specifications. A house constructed by two methods. One by contractor and second by owner. If we want to build a house by contractor then we have to publish tender and to give a contract on basis of our specification and agreement to contractor. So we can take supervisor for the supervision to do work according to our specification. After a agreement signed the contractor  will start work by his staff and machinery under owner's supervision.

Some Tests Of Cement

Different Tests Of Cement To Check Its Quality

test of cement

Introduction: These are need to be adopted for testing two ways and methods. One is field based testing and second is laboratories testing. There are some tests to check the quality of cement. These are nearly 6 tests of cement under here with detail about their objective that, why we do practical of these tests and what we can gain to do these type of practical's.

 

1.  Fineness test of cement.
2.  Setting time test of cement.
3.  Soundness test of cement.                      
4.  Compression test cement.                                                  
5.  Tensile test of cement.
6.  Consistency test of cement.

1.  Fineness test:- Fineness test  is analyzed to find the strength of cement. If the cement is more crushed then its early strength will be increase. Its heat will be release and cracks appears on cement due to shrinkage. Standard  sieve is used for this purpose. There are used sieve no170 of  British standard type for this purpose.

cement test
 

2.  Setting time test of cement:-This is analyzed to check the cement that is fresh or can be old as result the cement is weak.Its second purpose is that to find difference b/w ordinary Portland cement and quick setting cement as result we find initial setting time of cement and final setting time of cement by this test.

3.  Soundness test of cement:-Soundness test is analyzed after setting of cement that to find changing its volume. There are many reasons to create changing in volume of cement. Actually, due to late setting of cement past, free limes and other components.

4.  Compression test of cement:-This is the best test to find compressive strength of cement that how much load takes the cement.

5.  Tensile test of cement:-With the help of this test to find tensile strength of cement and It is called also briquette test..

6.  Consistency test of cement:-Consistency test of cement is need to prepare the best past of cement and give the best quality for cement. So, we use this type of test is called consistency test.

 

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

Introduction: There are used different techniques and to make concrete mix designing. These techniques are most benefits for the concrete mix design. Usually, some methods are using under here.

1. Arbitrary Method.

2. Minimum Voids Method.

3. Maximum Density Method.

4. Fineness Modulus Method.

5. Water Cement Ratio Method.

1.Arbitrary Method of concrete Mix Design: In the arbitrary method of concrete mix design is supposed to do quantity voids in fresh concrete that the voids of course aggregate will full fill by the fine aggregate. So as the fine aggregate will be equal to the voids quantity of course aggregate. The cement quantity is used according to given strength of concrete. It is maintained a ratio between cement and quantity. Just like that,(1:1),(1:1.5),(1:2),(1:3)and (1:4) etc.

2. Minimum void method of concrete mix design: In this method this is supposed that some fine aggregates to use more than the voids quantity of course  aggregate as result voids quantity will be minimum. If the cement quantity  more use than the voids quantity of fine aggregate  the voids quantity will be minimum.

3. Maximum density method of mix design: Maximum density method is called also trial mixture method. It is tried to get minimum volume from different concrete components to mix in various ratios according to this technique.

4. Fineness modulus method of mix design: To do fine the components of this technique is called also sieve analysis method. According to this technique there is analyzed to prepare different ratio samples of fine aggregate and course aggregates by sieve and find their fineness modulus.

5. Water cement ratio method of mix design: To do find the concrete design and for the given concrete strength is find by water ratio graph. According to using of concrete to choose fineness modulus and then concrete is prepare  according to this ratio. After that, to find its strength.

  

 

TYPES OF STEEL

TYPES OF REINFORCEMENT

Introduction: Different types of steel has been using in concrete. From that we get proper benefits. Steel has been divided from different methods. Some important methods are here.

1.TYPES OF STEEL ACCORDING TO SHAPE: Steel bars are prepare in different shapes. Mostly use round  shape steel bars in RCC work. Without that square steel bars, pentagon shaped steel bars, hexagon shaped steel bars and octagon shaped steel bars are prepared also.

             

2.TYPES OF STEEL ACCORDING TO SURFACE: Mostly use round shaped steel bars  in RCC works. Its surface has been prepared by two methods.

a. Plain steel bar.

b. deformed steel bar.

(a) Plain steel bar: In old times, its using was a lot. But nowadays ,its using is very few in concrete works.so that, its surface is smooth as result, bond can not be strong.

(b) Deformed steel bar: This type of steels has harshness on its surface. In present, its using is every where.Its best property is that, the steel make strong bonding with concrete.

3.TYPES OF STEEL ACCORDING TO STRENTH: This steel is divided according to strength. Its strength is appear  yield strength. This strength is called grate of steel. Mostly use 40 grade and 60 grade in present. Without that,75 grade and 90 grade of steel use on places. Forty grade of steel has 40 thousands fee square inch strength. So as 60 grade of steel has 60 thousands pound fee square inch strength.

4.TYPES OF STEEL ACCORDING TO USE: There are 6 types of steel according to use.
a. Tensile steel.
b. Compression steel.
c. Shear reinforcement.
d. Bond reinforcement.
e. Torsional reinforcement.
f. Temperature steel.
 

5. TYPES OF STEEL ACCORDING TO MATERIAL: There are three types of steel according to material.
a. Mild Steel.
b. Medium Carbon Steel.
c. High Carbon Steel.
  (a) Mild Steel: In ordinary RCC works use mild steel. This type steel is easy to bending, cutting and binding. In this steel the quantity of carbon is 0.05 to 0.3 person.
(b) Medium Carbon Steel: Medium carbon steel has so many strength. But it is very difficult to bending, cutting and binding. This steel is used in prestressed concrete. The quantity of carbon is include 0.3 to 0.6 person in this steel.
(c) High Carbon Steel: The carbon of steel is include 0.6 to 1.5 person in high carbon steel. If we use much the quantity of carbon in steel as result, the steel will be strong and hard. But, It is very difficult to work on this steel.

6.TYPES OF STEEL ACCORDING TO STRESS: There are two types of steel according to stress.
a. Ordinary Reinforcement.
b. Prestressed Reinforcement.


                     

RCC WORK

RCC WORK
 

Introduction: In the RCC work the steel has used with concrete. The steel and concrete both should be monolithic each other. Some necessary properties of both materials are given under here.

 

 

1. Both materials should make strong bond between them.

2. Both materials co-efficient of thermal expansion nearly should be equal.

3. They should be strong with each other.

4. They should not be reacted any bad  chemical   between them.

5. These materials should avail easily and in low price.

6. During the steel cutting, binding and welding should be easy.

Note: The concrete and steel have above all  properties.

SPECIAL ADMIXTURES

 

Sugar
 

Introduction: During the preparation of concrete work we add some components to create good quality in concrete. These components as known special admixtures. There are some types of  special admixtures.

 1. Water Proofing Admixtures
 2. Air Entraining Admixtures.
 3. Bonding Admixtures.
 4. Expansion Admixtures.
 5. Pazzolanic Admixtures.
 6. Bacterial Admixtures.

ADMIXTURES

ADMIXTURE
 

 Definition Of Admixtures: During the preparation of concrete without its compulsory components to create expecting of quality in concrete the extra components  mixing as known called admixture. We can say them also additives. Really during the preparation of cement we mix some components in cement is called Additives. When, the preparation of  concrete add some components in concrete is called admixtures. Some admixtures are here. Aluminum, Strict Acid and Polymer Emulsion.



                                                   
Question. Why we use admixtures in concrete?
Answer: We can get many benefits to use admixtures during the preparation of concrete. Some benefits
of admixture are under here.
1. we create extra qualities to use admixtures in concrete. Like that ,these admixtures also use to
reduce the resistance and defects on create high  temperature and low temperature in concrete work.
2. During the design work we enhance the setting time of concrete to use admixtures.
3. Some time we use admixtures in cement to reduce the setting time of cement for the repairing structures.
4. Some area they have water crises .There, we use admixtures to get good structure in minimum water. So,  for this purpose we mix in concrete  Lignosulfonic Acid and Alumina cement.

Retarders and Acceleraters

Accelerators
 

Accelerators:During the concrete work If the temperature

fall into freezing point in cold days. That time the concrete can not set in time and can't get complete strength .So we use accelerators 

to enhance heat in concrete for good setting. Often, this type of situations create on very cold areas. For this purpose we can use  Calcium chloride, Calcium Chloride, Calcium nitrate and Sodium chloride.



Retarders:When we have to do concrete work If the temperature of environment is very hot. So before concrete setting the water of concrete be decrease as result concrete lose his strength and durability. Therefore, we use many type of retarders to maintain the setting time of concrete water and we get good strength. This type of situations  create on hot areas. Some retarders are given under. Sugar and Carbohydrate.



Sugar
 

                                                               

                                                                          

PCC AND RCC WORK

(1)  RCC:Reinforced cement concrete. (2) PCC:Plain cement concrete



RCC WORK

Introduction: Reinforced cement concrete consist on five type of materials such as cement ,aggregates, steel, sand and water. During preparation of concrete should need suitable tempreture.This suitable temperature is 18 degree centigrade to 21 degree centigrade. First of all we prepare the frame of structure according to given design. Second we lay the steel of frame and third we preparation of concrete.

 

 



Q1.What is the procedure of preparation concrete?

CONCRETE
 

Answer: First of all we check the specification of materials. Are they  materials according to specification. Then we pile material on clean place. First we aggregates lay on place according to volume then add sand, cement and after that mix with water  according to given ratio. We can also mixing by machine or hands. If we have a large work then concrete mix by machine otherwise we can mix by hand. At last passing after that process we require the concrete. Now concrete is ready to lay on the frame work. After a day we should do curing of concrete.


 

 Q2. How we can achieve good strength of concrete?

Answer: We has achieve nearly 50  person strength concrete placing after 3 days from total days of 28.7 days after It has achieve 70 person strength. It has understood that 28 days after strength has been completed.
 

Q3.Why  we use retarders and accelerators and give their names?

When the temperature fall into freezing point that time we use accelerators for  quick setting of concrete. So concrete set on time and durable so as when the temperature will be very hot in summer season that time, the water of concrete hydrate before the setting of concrete. Such as it's strength will be reduce. Therefore, we use many type of retarders to achieve quality of strength. Some of retarders and accelerators are given under.

Retarders                                              Accelerators